stage and demonstrates the historical developments that can be traced back to Osman I, Suleyman I, and others, eventually focusing on the first one hundred and fifty years of our nation’s history. International relations are always intriguing, especially when considering how empires rise and fall. By tracing the primary sources, Dr. Powell has unfolded the complexity of the circumstances that provide further insight into the Ottomans, their history, and their legacy. Why did progressive Americans continue to deal with the Ottomans even in the face of modernization, centralization, nationalism, religious autonomy, independence movements, and the possible massacres and genocides of the Greeks and the Armenians? These facts are especially absorbing in light of how these issues were also thought of as progressive causes. She chronicles the American intellectual support for the Ottomans while explaining what was happening to their once great empire, including how the once strict Janissaries eventually fell out of favor and how the empire became known as the “sick man of Europe.” Moreover, her research is especially significant today as leaders like Erdogan seek to restore the glory of the Ottoman Empire.